All In

• Composer: “All In” for a Composer means that they will deliver the score in final format to the producer for one, all-in fee. That means they will usually be doing a “synth score” where all the music is recorded via digital means, using instrument samples, etc. If they need to use a live guitar or sax player (or whatever), they have to pay the player from their own pocket.
• Songwriter: “All In” means BOTH the master use and synchronization fees are combined into one “all in” fee for licensing the song.

A La Carte Service

This service is currently one of the most popular forms of digital delivery and allows users to download, stream, or burn music on a per transaction basis for a specific fee for each transaction (think iTunes [Apple] or Buymusic.com).

Acoustic Fingerprinting (SEE: Fingerprinting)

Arranger (aka Orchestrator)

Not to be confused with the composer, although composers often arrange their own music—especially anyone whose name isn’t John Williams or an equally A-list composer (they’re the ones who can afford to have their nails buffed while the Arranger weaves their magic). An Arranger takes the composition and decides what instrument will play what and adjusts the music for the type and/or size of the band or orchestra that will be performing and/or recording it. Sometimes arrangers take a huge orchestra score and trim it down for a smaller group, or will take a classical piece and arrange it for a rock band, pop artist or dance track (think “Fifth of Beethoven” as an example).

Background Instrumental

A term used in cue sheet preparation that describes the underscore, non-visual or off-camera INSTRUMENTAL source, such as music playing on a radio, etc.

Background Vocal

A term used in cue sheet preparation that describes a vocal, non-visual or off camera VOCAL source, such as a song (with lyrics/words) playing on the radio or jukebox in the background. Even if noted as a background vocal on a cue sheet, a writer/publisher’s PRO may often bump up the cue to “Feature” status merely because there are lyrics set to the music. As such, they can be paid at a higher back-end performance royalty rate than a background instrumental cue, regardless of how the music is used.

Burning

No, this is not when you get an owie after touching a hot stove. In digital terms, it simply means recording music onto a CD or other portable device. A blank CD is put into a CD drive (re-writable, of course) that is connected to a computer. As each song is automatically transferred, it is “burned” onto the blank CD.

Bumpers

These are the short pieces of music you hear before/after commercials as we come “back to the show!” Game shows use these a lot—and not just at commercial breaks, but to emphasize various key points in the game. Short music cues in the midst of the action can also be referred to as Bumpers.

Click Track (aka Click)

This is a digital metronome signal (Click) that helps the musicians hear the exact beat/tempo while they record.

Closing Theme

A term used in cue sheet preparation noting the end title (Closing) Theme. This is most-often considered a featured use, since it is the primary focus of the scene/end credits.

Contractor (aka Music Contractor or Vocal Contractor, aka Fixer)

These folks hire the instrumentalists and/or vocalists needed on a session and know the skilled, professional people in their town who work well together, won’t waste anyone’s time and will produce great results on time and on budget—every time. Sometimes the production company will designate a Contractor, but more often they work with the composer (who often just tells them “Get me the best you can for the money we have”) and they also liaison with the music coordinator or whoever is setting up the studio time, location, etc. The Contractor notes how many minutes of music are recorded and/or how many tracks are recorded. For union sessions, the Contractor helps to handle the A F of M (Musicians Union), SAG and/or AFTRA paperwork and forms for filing with the respective union(s). They make sure that during the session the performers get proper break times, meals, etc. and oversee the full recording process. The Contractor may also be one of the performers during the session, and is in charge of making sure all the performers get paid the right amount of money and in a timely fashion (according to union rules, if applicable). Cash is good, but more often than not, expect a check in the mail, especially on a union gig.

Corporate and/or Industrials

Commercials & Advertising are self-explanatory, but an “Industrial” can be anything from a national sales meeting for a company to a live show for potential clients. Music can be pre-recorded or done live—or a combination of both. Whether it’s music for a film or launching a product line, the knowledge and skills required to license or create songs are the same. Music can add excitement to a movie car chase or to a commercial, highlight dialogue between actors or help a CEO in a national presentation to the stockholders. Music has always been a prominent feature in advertising and commercials, but today has become even more prevalent, with commercials often being referred to as “the new radio.” Music can be custom-created for an ad campaign, or a “famous” song can be licensed. So whether it’s a string of commercials touting the newest television show, or custom-created music to motivate the corporate sales force, the principles are the same.

Cue Sheet

If a composer, songwriter or publisher wants to be a part of the Money-by-Mail Club they need to keep an eagle eye on the Cue Sheet and when/where it’s filed. It is the document that lets their PRO know (BMI, ASCAP, PRS, SESAC, SOCAN, GEMA, etc.) that money is due them for use of their music in a project. EVERY time a film or TV show is completed, a Cue Sheet is prepared that specifies who wrote and published each piece of music, who owns what percentage, the respective PROs and exactly how long and in what fashion the music was used. The most important thing about a Cue Sheet (assuming the writers and publishers want to get paid) is to file it with every PRO whose writers and/or publishers appear on it. The music supervisor, coordinator and/or administrator usually prepares the Cue Sheet based on information provided by the music editor and composer, and the production company or network is generally responsible for filing them with the PROs. Ideally, Cue Sheets should be filed within ninety (90) days of the FIRST airing/showing of the TV program/film, but there is no hard and fast rule or requirement by the PROs—other than “in a timely manner” (which can sometimes mean up to a year!). NO WRITER OR PUBLISHER GETS PAID THEIR PERFORMANCE ROYALTIES UNLESS THE CUE SHEET IS FILED WITH THEIR PRO! This means that writers and publishers (or their administrators) should always request a copy of the Cue Sheet for any project in which their music is used, and specify a date by which they must delivered within the body of the music licenses (master & sync).

Digital Signal Processing (DSP)

Using a sequence of numbers and/or signals, and by mathematically manipulating and processing those signals, DSP measures, compresses and/or filters—then converts to digital form—analog (real-world) signals such as audio, visual, vocal, temperature, light (and a bunch of others). This is the process that creates “sampled” sounds—where those real string sounds from the London Phil are accessible from that little box in your rack of gear goodies, ready to pop into your latest “orchestral” composition, and is the lifeblood of the “synth score” composer. There’s a lot more complexity to it, but that’s the basic gist as it applies to music creators.

DSP (SEE: Digital Signal Processing) Encoding

Simply put, this is when a sound recording is converted into a digital file format.

Engineer (aka Scoring Mixer)

A great Engineer is a composer’s best friend—really! They record and mix the music, and oversee all the technical aspects of the recording session. The great ones are also often musicians themselves, so have that creative ear as well as the technical prowess necessary for a successful session. Composers often have favorite Engineers and will request them on a project. Sometimes the production company will ignore the composer and assign an Engineer—it often depends on budget, but sometimes an “I want to be in control of everything” person can enter into the process from either the creative or business end. As such, an Engineer often has to be a highly-skilled mediator who speaks all the languages: composer, director, classical instrumentalist, Rock God and singer—and even suit! The good ones are also up-to-date on all the current technology and how it can help in the specific session at hand, and will work closely with composer and score supervisor to make everything run smoothly, efficiently and quickly, without sacrificing quality or anyone’s sanity.

Ephemeral Use

This came into being during the infancy of live television. Sometimes a guest on the early live talk shows would break out into song unexpectedly, and the producers didn’t want to be liable for licensing those works. Since the only recordings being made were for archival purposes (not for re-broadcast), the ephemeral use was born. Certain live TV programs require no licenses because there is no reproduction of the program for future broadcast. This may include news broadcasts, sporting events, telethons, awards shows, etc. or where only one copy of a particular program is made specifically and solely for the purpose of broadcast (”videotape exception”)—such as late-night talk shows or local TV shows. Any reruns, DO, however, require a license. The very fact that they are broadcast again means that they were recorded so that they could be reproduced. As such, reruns & DVD/video compilations, specials and/or clip shows are outside the scope of this exception. ALL Ephemeral Uses are recorded on cue sheets and filed with the respective PROs (the same way it’s done for every other type of film or TV use). Make sure your agreement includes a delivery date for cue sheets!

Featured Instrumental

A rarely used cue sheet term where an instrumental cue is featured in some specific way other than visual. PROs most often will consider any instrumental cue/score as “background” regardless of its featured use (such as in a montage, etc.). Be very careful when using this category, and don’t be surprised if it gets bumped to a “background instrumental” use.

Featured Vocal

A term used in cue sheet preparation to describe music with a vocal (a song) that plays during a visual montage or other important scene. This is most-often considered a “featured” use since it is the prime focus of the scene.

File Sharing (SEE: Peer to Peer)

Fingerprinting (aka Acoustic Fingerprinting)

(Not to be confused with Watermarking)

An acoustic fingerprint identifies audio samples and matches the signal to similar files in a database. It is a digital summary (condensed/compressed) generated from the audio signal, and can help identify songs, sound effects, videos, ads, etc. and can monitor the use of such works played on radio, included in P2P networks, etc. A good acoustic fingerprint can identify specific master recordings even after they have been compressed (i.e., into .mp3 files), and should be able to identify any specific master by the same band (i.e., the “live concert” version vs. the studio version of the artist’s #1 hit song). The downside is that acoustic fingerprints are verysensitive to any changes in the data, meaning that if dialogue or sound effects interfere with the fingerprinted audio, it can muddy the waters in identifying the song/composition and/or recording of it. This is not the tech a film/TV composer will find particularly helpful in tracking their music used in movies, advertisements (radio and otherwise) and/or television programs, since virtually all product in those arenas has dialogue, sound effects and/or other sound elements that can get in the way of identifying the fingerprinted audio file. Think of it as a smudged up human fingerprint—you might be able to sort of identify it, but not necessarily to a reliable degree if it isn’t a perfect impression.

Full Download (SEE: Permanent Digital Downloads)

Ghostwriter

Ever wonder how that composer manages to spew out three hours of music per week for all the TV shows he/she is doing, and still has time to write the entire score for that new blockbuster? Chances are, he/she is NOT, and no, human cloning didn’t sneak its way into the music biz. That’s where the struggling composer who is begging to be let in the door comes in. He/she writes music for another composer, but receives no cue sheet or any other credit for composing the music. The Ghostwriter is an invisible music elf who makes cues magically appear for the credited composer, who then pays the Ghostwriter a flat buy-out fee (usually minimal), takes credit for writing the music and appears as the sole writer on the cue sheets. Kinda icky, huh? In the most egregious instances, the Ghostwriter is not even allowed to tell anyone that he/she wrote any music for the film/TV program his/her creation appeared. There have been some court cases on this (thankfully, most in favor of the Ghostwriter), but most composers consider it to be an unethical practice (which it IS, in case anyone was still wondering). The busy composer who needs help to make their deadline not only pays the other composers he/she contracts, but makes sure the cue sheets reflect the correct composer name(s) and info for each respective cue, even though they can’t guarantee on-screen credit.

In Context Use

A term used in music licensing to note that the music can only be used IN Context—in the specific scene for which it is being licensed (generally including trailers in which the scene is used), and not in any other scene or out-of-context use in any advertisements (including film trailers).

In Perpetuity

Basically, this means forever. In publishing, it means that whoever owns the publishing rights to a song will own it for the full life of the copyright (not just the life of the composer). In music licensing, it means that whoever owns the rights to the project (filmmaker, production company, TV network, etc.) is given contractual rights to have a song/composition and/or specific recording of it embedded into the project forever. If a publishing company, record label or film company is sold to another entity/corporation, all contracted rights follow the song and recording to the new company(ies).

Interactive Streaming (aka On-Demand Streams)

This doesn’t mean you get to manipulate or actually “interact” with the sound file, but is when a digital file is transmitted electronically to a computer or other device at the specific request of the end user in order to allow him/her to listen to a recording (or a group of songs) at the same time the user requests it.

Invisible Watermarking (SEE: Watermarking)

Limited Downloads (aka Tethered Downloads)

This is when a digital file is delivered electronically to a computer or other device (such as an iPod) on a limited basis. The Limited Download can take one of two forms: (1) time-limited download (the song resides on the computer for a certain number of days) or (2) use-limited download (the song can be heard a certain number of times before it can no longer be played).

Linear Use

A Linear Use is when the music being licensed is being used in a specific manner without manipulation—which includes moving verses around, or taking out a horn section, etc. Film and TV uses are most often linear; video games vary.

Master/Sync (Synchronization) License

This encompasses both “ends” of the song—the song itself, and the recording of it. Independent artists often own both the publishing and master rights of their songs and recordings, and a Master/Sync license is normally used in those instances.

Master Use License

Whoever owns the RECORDING of the song issues the Master Use License. There could be any number of people who recorded the song—the only one that counts here is the one the filmmaker wants to use. Whether it’s an independent artist’s recording of his/her own song or a major artist’s recording of a song, whoever owns the rights to the respective recording issues this license.

Mechanical License

This is NOT a license used in film or TV, but a license used when manufacturing, selling and distributing audio-only products (CDs, DVDs, etc.).

Most Favored Nations (aka MFN)

This is a term borrowed from the United Nations that basically means every nation will be treated equally and without preference. As it applies to music licenses, it means that if any other music of similar status is licensed at a higher price than you’d originally quoted, the production company is obligated to pay you the same amount for YOUR cue that they paid for the other similar cue(s). It does NOT mean, however, that Newbie Breakout Indie Band is going to command the same license fees as a song written and/or recorded by The Rolling Stones. It simply means that Indie Angsty Chick & Newbie Breakout Indie Band will be treated equally, and The Stones and The Beatles will price themselves out of most films who don’t have $250K to toss at one source cue. This is important language to have in EVERY music license.

Multimedia License

CD Interactive (CD-I), CD-ROM (read only memory), Karaoke and Computer Games are examples of Multimedia License uses. Licensing in this area is still fuzzy, and as such, only limited rights are being granted in many instances. This is where the fewest industry standards and practices have been established. With many types of interactive multimedia products, music is not necessarily used in the same sense as it is with CDs, DVDs or TV uses (linear uses). Some of the new media allows manipulation of the music (such as extracting the flute in an orchestral work or taking the guitar part out of a pop song so the user can play along). In some cases, the user can produce their own version of the composition (kinda like being your own producer). This is considered a “non-linear” use and one of the reasons rights holders are being very cautious about Multimedia Licenses.

Music Administrator

Ostensibly, their duties should be to handle all the paperwork for the music supervisor and/or coordinator. In reality, they often have to handle a lot of the duties most often associated with being a supervisor and/or coordinator because of budget, time or personnel constraints. They may not be in the room as negotiations are in process, but after that meeting, you can bet that they’re the one who actually types up the contract!

Music Breakdown

While this can happen at the rough cut stage of a film, ideally the music supervisor is brought on before shooting, at which time they’ll read the script and note every place where music would be appropriate (i.e., club scene, romantic montage, car radio, etc.). This does NOT take the place of a spotting session (although it may include some ideas for where the bigger score pieces might work), but is merely a heads-up for the director with a ballpark idea of how many source cues might be needed and, perhaps, a rough budget. The supervisor will note the scene, type of music—or even a song title/artist if they have a specific song/recording in mind. They’ll also note how the music will be used (visual vocal—such as the band playing as everyone screams “Rock on!”—or on the radio or whatever).

Music Clearance

Before using a piece of music and/or its recording in a film or TV program, it must be “cleared” with the respective publisher(s) and/or master rights holders. This means you need permission to use the music and/or its recording—and this means whether it’s “only” for a student film or festival uses, for TV (of any kind and anywhere), foreign or U.S. theatrical, or for Dolly Dinkle’s Dance Academy’s local cable ad. There are TWO parts of music clearance & licensing: A synchronization license is issued by the publisher for the use of the song/composition, and a master use license is issued by whoever holds the rights to the specific RECORDING of the song/composition. For famous/known copyrights and/or recordings get an expert or become one. It’s not brain surgery, but the ins-and-outs and “who knows who can get what at a good price and fast” can be really important—meaning you may get your “yes” or “no” answer in a couple of weeks as opposed to a couple of months. Suggestion for anything not in the blockbuster budget range? Go indie artist/label instead. They usually hold all rights to their own music and are more likely to make a deal that fits your tight purse strings. You’d be surprised at the variety of indie music available—it’s not all angsty chicks or moody dudes, but retro ’80s, big bands & 1940s swing, ’70s disco and old & new folk music from all around the world.

Music Coordinator

This differs greatly, depending on whether they’re on staff with a TV network or a full-service music company or an independent person who works with specific music supervisors. The Music Coordinator’s duties can be as simple as creating and filing cue sheets for the project and making sure all the dollars and cents add up at the end of the day, or may be as complex as working hand-in-hand with the music supervisor on all aspects of the project. Sometimes, if there is no supervisor, the Coordinator will work with the director and assume many of the duties a supervisor would normally handle. A Music Coordinator’s primary functions are normally to make sure the music the supervisor is suggesting for particular scenes is properly catalogued and delivered to the director, film editor and/or music editor (as directed), and all credit information (songwriters, artists, labels, etc.) is readily available. They are also responsible for coordinating the compilation of all information for cue sheet preparation, and may actually prepare the final cue sheets, based on the composer and music editor’s notes from the final mix of the film. Basically, the budget often dictates their duties.

Music Copyist (aka Copier, Music Preparer or Music Prep)

The Music Copyist (”Copier”) prepares the printed music charts and/or lead sheets the musicians use at a recording session. These are extracted from the overall music score the composer provides so that everyone is looking only at the part they play, and have their music in the right key for their instrument (kind of important). In the past (as those of us who had the stained fingers to prove it), such music charts were done by hand, with India ink (so the notes wouldn’t bleed off the page when the trombonist emptied his spit valve), and done one-by-one in a rather time-consuming and painstaking process. Today, with the advent of some great scoring software, those who prepare music for sessions most often will do it via the computer.

Music Editor

The Music Editor, along with the composer (and sometimes the music supervisor and/or coordinator) organizes, documents, and times all the music cues used in a project. He/She is the obsessive, retentive type and will often drive the director crazy with almost indistinguishable cuts in/out of a piece of music, but that’s why we love them. They will often make suggestions as to the best start/stop points, and can make a song “fit” into the scene, dodging dialogue and enhancing poignant moments by “cutting and pasting” a song. They also work with the composer on timing, length, type and placement of music that the director, composer and music supervisor have discussed during spotting sessions. If the music is being recorded live (not a Synth Score), the Music Editor will often be at recording sessions to document, time and name each cue, and will often generate the click used to keep everything exact. The Music Editor also cuts all music (source, score or scource) into the film—although here is where the director and/or producer may return the “he/she’s driving me crazy” favor. The music editor also notes the correct SMPTE Time Codes for the cue’s in/out placement and provides that info to the music supervisor, coordinator and/or administrator so that official cue sheets can be prepared for filing with the respective performance rights organizations (PROs).

Music Publisher

A Music Publisher works with songwriters & composers to promote and market the writers’ songs/compositions. They pitch the material to the folks who use music (movie/TV producers, record labels, video games, etc.). In return (and PLEASE NOTE: The Publisher will own this for the LIFE of the song/composition’s copyright—otherwise known as “in perpetuity” —as in FOREVER), the Publisher takes a percentage of the publishing half of a song (up to 100%). Publishers license the right to use the song (not to be confused with the recording of the song/composition), collect fees for the usage and split them with the songwriter/composer according to each writer’s contract terms.

Music Supervisor

Regardless of whether they’re a “biggie” (meaning “I have a staff”) or an “indie” (”I get to do it all for less money”), the Music Supervisor’s main duty is in choosing music and licensing it for the project, and—as importantly—making sure the music they provide to the director enhances the action/mood on screen, and helps the director see his/her artistic vision realized. The Music Supervisor oversees all of the creative and business aspects of the music for a project. This includes helping to develop a music budget, assisting in the search for a composer (if requested), helping the director in his/her choice of songs, coordinating the soundtrack recording, “spotting sessions” (with composer & director), etc. It may or may not include doing the music clearance/music licensing paperwork, and can also include some (or all) of the duties of a music coordinator and/or music administrator. The earlier the Music Supervisor is involved, the more time they have to be creative—both with the music itself and with the budget. When a “famous” song, or a “classic copyright” is desired by a director, but the project’s budget does not allow for its use, the Supervisor will suggest (and often negotiate) budget-friendly alternatives from various sources, including independent artists and/or music libraries.
Non Linear
A Non-Linear use is when the user may manipulate the music—such as extracting the guitar part or moving verses around, etc. This is the option most often requested in multimedia licenses, especially for video games, Karaoke, etc.

On-Demand Streams (SEE: Interactive Streaming)

Online Music Subscription Service

Some services allow a user to download, stream or burn music for a particular period of time for a set fee (think Napster, Rhapsody [Listen.com] and eMusic to name a few). These services are referred to as Subscription Services.

Opening Theme

A term used in cue sheet preparation that means the film/program’s opening title theme. This is most-often considered a featured use, since it is generally the prime focus of the opening scene.

Orchestrator (SEE: Arranger)

Out of Context Use

A term used in music licensing to note that the music can be used not only IN Context during a specific scene, but may also be used in a film trailer and/or advertisement, whether or not the trailer uses the scene for which the music was originally licensed.

P2P(SEE: Peer to Peer)

PD(SEE: Public Domain)

PDD(SEE: Permanent Digital Downloads)

Peer to Peer (aka P2P, aka File Sharing)

This can be a rather sticky (legal) wicket as the Brits say. Also referred to as File Sharing, this allows users to access a common network hub and open up part of their own computer’s hard drive to the public for downloading, rather than accessing files from a main/central server. A big caveat is that any unlicensed P2P use is illegal.Lots of P2P sites are unlicensed and the legal eagles are on the lookout to shut as many of them down as possible. Anyone using the unlicensed sites can potentially be prosecuted and/or receive hefty fines—and yeah, they’ll go after high school students!

Performing Rights Organization (PRO)

To receive performance royalties one must be a songwriter, composer and/or publisher signed up with of one of the many Performing Rights Organizations (PROs) throughout the world. These royalties are collected by the PROs (BMI, ASCAP, SESAC, SOCAN, PRS, etc.) for the public performance of music (TV, films, restaurants, foreign movie theatres, etc.), calculated and paid based on various PRO computations, factors and variables, such as the network on which the program is aired, the country in which a film is screened, number of minutes of music used, etc. Your PRO is at least partially (sometimes solely) determined by the country in which you are a citizen.

Permanent Digital Downloads (aka PDD, aka Full Download)

This is an individual delivery via digital transmission of a sound recording (of a particular composition/song) that results in a reproduction (copy) that may be retained and played by the recipient on a permanent basis. While some amounts have been negotiated, this is an arena still in flux, and certain terms are still in a sort of Wild, Wild West mentality.

Prerecord

Sometimes the music needs to be recorded BEFORE a scene is shot (hence the term, “Prerecord”). This is necessary when an actor is singing or playing an instrument (or pretending to do so), but is also used for scenes in which people are dancing to music that must be perfectly synchronized with the action (such as a ballet, or even a party dance scene).

PRO(SEE: Performing Rights Organization)

Public Domain (aka PD)

A song is in the Public Domain when it never has been, or is no longer owned by a publishing company. This applies to many old folk songs (but not all), older “classical” music (such as works by Mozart, Bach & Beethoven) and/or when enough time has passed since the composer’s death to classify the work as in the Public Domain. PD music can be recorded without negotiation or payment to a publisher, since there are no rights to negotiate because there is no ownership. RECORDINGS of PD music cannot be used without the permission of the owner of the recording (unless the recording itself has also passed into PD, and virtually NO U.S. recordings are in PD). DO NOT EVER assume that a song is in the public domain. A song can be PD in the US, but not in the UK, and virtually every music license’s territory is “worldwide” (some get freaky and want the Universe—maybe for “K-FLY, your ‘fly in the sky’ for all you groovy space station listeners” perhaps?). When licensing music, ALWAYS verify that the song is PD worldwide before plunking it into the project.

Ringtone

Used in a mobile phone, pager or other portable communications device, a Ringtone is an excerpt (hopefully short & not annoying to everyone else in the coffee shop ¯) of a song/composition in a digital file that is rendered into audio form. The ringtone is played when a call, message and/or alert is received by the phone, etc.

Ringtones generally come in two basic forms: (1) Pre-Recorded Ringtones that play real audio clips from sound recordings, and (2) Phonic Ringtones, which are most often monophonic, standard MIDI sound files (made using single notes) or in polyphonic form (multiple notes that are played simultaneously, creating harmony, chords and/or counterpoint).

Ripping

Ripping is the copying of sound recordings from a CD and putting the copy onto a computer’s hard drive. This allows the user to manipulate the order of the songs, add songs from a variety of CDs, etc., before transferring (burning) the sound files onto a blank CD.

SACD

This is a very high quality audio format that provides a realistic sound experience using Direct Stream Digital (DSD) and a 4.7GB disc with 2.8 MHz. It is similar (in concept, at least) to a regular CD, but includes an additional high-density layer.

There are currently three disc configurations, the first two which contain only the DSD data and can be played only on special SACD players: (1) Single-Layer SACD[holds 4.7 GB of data and has one DSD layer] and (2) Dual-Layer SACD [with two DSD layers, so it can contain twice as much data]. The third type is a Hybrid SACDthat has one DSD layer of 4.7 GB and a conventional CD layer, allowing the disc to be played on both a regular CD Player and a SACD player.

Score Music (aka Score)

This is music the actor on screen DOESN’T hear—the music the composer creates to let the audience know that the monster is coming, the damsel is in distress, the good guy is hunting down the bad guy or the two lovers are sad they’ve parted. This music is NOT licensed the way source music is licensed, but is most often done as a “work for hire” by the composer for the film/TV production company. A “work for hire” (aka “work made for hire”) means that whoever hired the composer to write the music owns the publishing of that music and the recording the composers makes of it. In today’s indie film market, however, the composer may often accept a lesser up-front fee (or even do it on spec or for no up-front money) and in return, gets to keep 50-100% of their publishing & masters, rather than handing any/all of it over to the production company.

Score Supervisor

During the recording session for a film or TV program, the Score Supervisor hangs out in the control room with the music engineer, music editor and whoever else wants the free food the string section and electric bass player always mange to find before anyone else. The Score Supervisor makes suggestions and comments to the conductor (often the composer) as the music is being recorded. The composer/conductor may not want to have to trek back and forth from the studio into the booth to listen to playback, and the Score Supervisor can give them fast feedback on what’s working and what is not (although the suggestion, “no you shouldn’t have hired any viola players” may be too late [just kidding]).

Scource Music (aka Scource)

A mix of the words “score” and “source,” this is music that is treated like score music on screen, but is licensed in the fashion which source music is licensed. Indie filmmakers, who often have already maxed out their credit cards to make their film may not be able to afford a score composer, but CAN afford a few music cues for their opening or end title, chase scene or seduction montage. Composers often have lots of that music sitting around gathering cyber dust, since it’s rare that all the music they write for a film gets used. They still own that music and will often license it out to indie filmmakers.
Sidelining
This is when musicians appear on-screen. While they appear with their instruments, they may or may not be playing during the scene. Most often they’re “playing” to a prerecorded track.

SMPTE Code (aka Time Code)

SMPTE is an acronym for The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. It usually refers to a standardized time code that SMPTE developed. SMPTE is a recorded audio signal that is shown in a window on the screen to reference where you’re at in the program/film (e.g., 02:01:22:14 refers to a time code location of “two hours, one minute, twenty-two seconds, and 14 frames”). SMPTE comes in several types (including Drop Frame & Non-Drop Time Code).

Sound Designer

This is the person who creates the soundscape and designs the non-musical sounds for a project. While not particularly common in the past, but growing in popularity because of “synth scores” being used due to budget constraints, the composer may sometimes help create the non-musical sounds (i.e., swooshy Sci-Fi sounds, “blow ‘em up good” noises, gunfire and/or just plain weird stuff) that go along with the music, or are used on a stand-alone basis. The composer may also work along with the Sound Designer in designing/creating sounds to be used as overlays to the music.

Sound Recording

There’s the song, and then there’s a recording of it. The latter is the Sound Recording (aka master), and there can be any number of recordings of the same song (words and music, copyright for which is owned by the publisher). The copyright to a Sound Recording is for everything you hear: the instruments playing a particular arrangement, the singer [if there is one] and the whole production from top to bottom. For a major label artist, this copyright is generally wholly owned by the record label, but for independent artists, this may belong to the artist/band.

Source Music (aka Source Cue)

This is music the actor on-screen CAN hear—the music coming from the radio, a jukebox, in the club, at the party, etc.

Spotting Session

After a movie/TV program is filmed and during the editing phases of a project, the director, composer & music supervisor get together and come to a meeting of the minds on what types of music will be used, and where specific musical cues will occur (this is why SMPTE is so important—these codes are used to note the timing of the cues). The music coordinator, music editor or music supervisor makes all notes and provides them to everyone in the loop as the editing progresses. More than one Spotting Session may occur, especially if there are substantial changes made in the film edit.

Synchronization License (aka Sync License)

This is a 50-dollar term designed to confuse the newbie. All it means is that whoever owns the PUBLISHING rights to a song issues a “Synchronization” License for the use of the song itself (NOT the recording of the song) in a TV show or movie. “Synchronization” simply means using the composition in synchronization with the picture on screen—that’s it, nothing complicated or mysterious.

Temp Track (aka Temp Music)

This is the bane of the music supervisor’s existence. The director may have “pet” pieces of music on their compilation CD and/or very famous, very expensive pieces of music temporarily cut into a film or TV show before the actual music is composed and/or source cues are selected (and don’t expect him/her to know who sang the songs or have any other clue as to where to find the rights holders). This can also be a problem for the composer, because the director may be so enamored of that A-list composer’s music that nothing will ever compare in his/her eyes. If you—the composer and/or music supervisor—can talk the director/producer into using music YOU provide for the Temp Track, you’re more likely to avoid the dreaded “Temp Love” (the director falls in love with The Beatles’ “Yesterday” in that “most important spot of the film” and has only $1000 all-in for the cue).

Tethered Downloads(SEE: Limited Downloads)

Timing Notes (aka Breakdown Notes)

The music editor makes notes that detail events, timing, etc. for scenes and supplies them to the composer, who will use them to reference time code & duration of scenes (it’s kinda nice to know how many seconds/minutes of music you’re gonna need to churn out before deadline). These Notes will often contain not only the timing and key action/dialogue, but the camera moves & edits as well.

Visual Dance

A term used in cue sheet preparation, meaning an on-camera Dance. This is most-often considered a featured use, especially if the Dance is the prime focus of the scene.

Visual Instrumental

A term used in cue sheet preparation meaning an on-camera Instrumental performance. This is most-often considered a featured use, especially if it is the prime focus of the scene.
Visual Vocal

A term used in cue sheet preparation meaning an on-camera Vocal performance. This is most-often considered a featured use, especially if it is the prime focus of the scene.

Watermarking (aka Invisible Watermarking)

(Not to be confused with Fingerprinting)

Long ago, in attempts to combat counterfeiting and assist in identifying the validity or source of a communication, indelible images and/or patterns were imprinted on paper (such as those used in printing money, bank notes, postage stamps, passports, stationery, etc.). Modern, electronic, invisible watermarking used in audio applications applies the same concept, but the content is altered in such a way that a machine can recover the data that cannot be heard by human ears (the same goes for DVDs, but it’s both audio and video that is watermarked). Whenever the audio/visual is copied, so is the identifying information imbedded in it. While invisible watermarking is not audible to the human ear (nor can it be detected with the nekkid eye), the source of an audio signal can be traced electronically to its owner via the embedded digital signals. There can be more than one watermark embedded in a file—often many, so that the bulk of the file (not just the beginning or end) is marked with unique codes. If the watermark is “robust” it means that regardless of what noise maybe over or under it, the embedded information can be detected—i.e., music that is watermarked can be identified even when dialogue and/or sound effects in the film or TV program try to drown it out, or when the DJ won’t shut up as the song plays on the radio. This technology is also used to prevent unauthorized/illegal copying of DVDs, CDs and various sound file formats. When attempting to make a copy, the copying devices will allow or not allow the copy based on the content of the watermark(s) on the original source. From a musical tracking standpoint, this is superior technology to that of fingerprinting.

Webcasting (aka Internet Radio)

This generally refers to streaming audio on the Internet. Webcasters may be re-transmitting traditional AM/FM radio broadcasts, providing Internet-only services transmitting several different channels or varied types/styles/genres, or supplying services which syndicate music programming on Web sites (usually background music).

 

Work for Hire (aka Work Made for Hire)

A “Work for Hire” means that whoever hired the composer to write the music owns the publishing of that music—yeah, and from the composer’s point of view working under a “package/all-in” score agreement, it kinda sucks. This may also apply to a SONG written specifically for a film, but most often applies to the music written by the score composer. In today’s indie film market, the composer may often accept a lesser up-front fee (or even do it on spec or for no up-front money) and in return, gets to keep 50-100% of their publishing, rather than handing all or any of it over to the production company. The argument for the Work for Hire used to be “We pay the composer a fee to write, and orchestrator to arrange, a copyist to put it all in front of the live orchestra recording it, then pay the musicians, recording studio, engineer, mixer, etc., so in return, we get to own the work itself and the recording we paid for.” Unfortunately, the studios still have the same mindset, even though, under these package deals, they no longer foot the bill for anything other than paying the composer a lump sum. The composer then has to do it all him/herself, and deliver finished masters to the company. If he/she needs to hire others to help (whether it’s a live musician, an engineer or an arranger), it comes out of the composer’s pocket. The exceptions to this unwritten rule are dwindling, and generally apply only to “blockbuster” type films and/or the A-list composers who have better agents than you probably do.

Work Made for Hire (SEE: Work for Hire)

© 2006 & 2013 Gael MacGregor – A reminder (from the lawyers): All statements above are my opinions and not intended as legal advice or counsel. No warranty or representation is made as to the accuracy of these statements. You should hire an attorney before entering into any agreement or contract. – Gael MacGregor, Music Supervisor